Men spørgsmålet forbliver, om hele denne undgåelse af smerte og stræben efter fornøjelse os virkelig gør os lykkeligere eller mere modstandsdygtige? Selvfølgelig har nye teknologiske og medicinske fremskridt hjulpet millioner af mennesker til at komme ud af fattigdom og overvinde sygdom, men i det store og hele er vores sociale niveau af glæde ikke steget. Faktisk har forskning vist, at brugen af sociale medier som Facebook er korreleret med depression og manglende glæde. Andre studier har vist, at der er en vis vækst i niveauet af glæde, når folk kommer ud af fattigdom, men materielle besiddelser ud over dette gør ikke så stor forskel.
Kommentar: Delsvist oversat af Sott.net fra Why adversity is often the instrument of growth
I artiklens anden del præsenteres psykiateren Kazimierz Dabrowskis teori om positiv disintegration.
Anyway, this avoidance of pain isn't just relegated to technology and consumerism but has also seeped into other areas of society such as education, team sports, and parenting. Such media outlets as the New York Times have bemoaned the rise of participation trophies for all kids, arguing that kids lose out on meaningful life lessons such as the value of competition and working hard for achievement, and are instead saddled with a growing sense of entitlement. The Atlantic has published such articles as "The Coddling of the American Mind," "The Overprotected Kid," and "How to Land Your Kid in Therapy," criticizing the safety bubble that our society has created around young people to seemingly protect them from even the slightest threat of pain. Indeed, in "How to Land Your Kid in Therapy," the author, Lori Gottlieb, a psychotherapist herself, states that many of her millennial clients "just generally felt a sense of emptiness or lack of purpose" and "their biggest complaint was they had nothing to complain about!" These were all folks with doting parents, no trauma whatsoever in their past, but still unable to create an adult life for themselves.
I would argue that many, if not most of the preventative measures, used to protect our young people from pain are actually counterproductive and go against sound psychological principles. Adversity is often the catalyst for growth and personal change. Just as evolutionary forces operate on the macro level, adversity forces individuals to adapt to challenging circumstances, furthering their own evolution. Now, when I speak about adversity, I don't mean extensive trauma, as is assessed by such instruments as the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) survey, which has demonstrated negative life outcomes correlated to the number of adverse childhood experiences. Rather, I'm talking about painful and challenging life experiences that don't necessarily qualify as trauma (although as I've written about before, trauma is not a fait accompli and everyone responds to trauma differently, sometimes without any symptoms at all).
Indeed, one prominent psychological thinker believed that adversity was the instrument of growth and centered his entire career around this central idea. Let me introduce you to the work of Polish psychiatrist Kazimierz Dabrowski, and his theory of positive disintegration. Dabrowski theorized that individuals that were born "gifted" needed to go through several existential trials in order to reach their potential and free themselves from social indoctrination. This process, which takes five distinct levels, can only be catalyzed by adversity and challenging life events that force the individual to re-examine his or her every belief and will, in conclusion, lead to the kind of self-actualization written about by other humanistic thinkers such as Abraham Maslow.
Let's take a brief look at all five levels to give you a better idea of the core concept. The first level is called Primary Integration. People at this level are often influenced primarily by either prominent "first factors," such as heredity or "second factors," such as the social environment. Dabrowski believed this level was marked by selfishness and egocentrism, justifying all pursuits through a kind of "all about me" thinking.
According to Dabrowski, the shift to level two, Unilevel Disintegration, occurs as an initial, brief and often intense crisis or series of crises. Unilevel Disintegration may often occur as a result of developmental crises such as puberty or menopause, in periods of acute stress from external events, or under "psychological and psychopathological conditions such as nervousness and psychoneurosis." Ultimately, the person is thrust into an existential crisis, in which one's pre-determined beliefs no longer make any sense. During this phase, existential despair is the predominant emotion.
Level III, Spontaneous Multilevel Disintegration, describes a subsequent process of coming into awareness of multiple levels of understanding. In simple terms, it's a dawning realization of what "ought to be" versus "what is." The individual begins to contrast their behavior with higher, imagined ideals and alternative idealized choices. Dąbrowski believed that the authentic individual would choose the higher path and if their behavior fell short of the ideal, then internal disharmony would drive the individual to review and reconstruct one's life. In this way, the individual is propelled by existential angst from Level II to come into contact in Level III with higher ideals to which he or she then aspires to.
In Level IV, Organized Multilevel Disintegration, the person takes full control of his or her development. The spontaneous dawning of Level III is replaced by a deliberate, conscious and self-directed review of life from a multilevel perspective. The person consciously reviews his or her existing belief system and tries to replace lower, automatic views and reactions with carefully thought out, examined and chosen ideals, which increasingly become more reflected in the person's behavior. In this way, behavior becomes less reactive, less automatic and more deliberate as behavioral choices fall under the influence of the person's higher, chosen ideals.
And finally, the fifth level, Secondary Disintegration, involves an integration of the lessons learned in the previous levels into a cohesive, stronger, and more authentic character. At this highest level, one's behavior is guided by conscious, deliberately weighed decisions based on an individualized and carefully chosen hierarchy of personal values. In this stage, the individual reaches higher levels of authenticity and congruence.
I find this theory to be a very elegant explanation of human potential and the process of growth and change. Fundamental to this framework is that no change can occur without some sort of conflict or distress that interferes with the homeostasis of the system. Adversity is an essential ingredient that throws the individual into an existential crisis, forcing him or her to go through an awareness of operating in low consciousness and a subsequent process of self-examination leading to further growth.
Dabrowski's work can be dismissed as highly theoretical, but extensive evidence suggests that protecting individuals from pain or adversity only serves to hamper their development. Instead, I propose that we must continuously strive to find new ways to expose ourselves to hardship that places us outside of our comfort zones. Indeed, as I've written about in my book Modern Sexuality, the edges right outside of the comfort zone are where most learning and growth occurs. Instead of seeking safety in comfort, we need to seek out opportunities to expose ourselves to the possibility of falling apart and remaking everything we once thought we knew. In short, we need to expose ourselves to positive disintegration.
Kommentar: Read more on Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration: