Uddrag:
01:55 | Definition af en nærdødsoplevelse
Walter Bradley: En nærdødsoplevelse er et udtryk, som beskriver det, som i dag er blevet ret almindeligt på intensivafdelinger i USA så vel ved motervejsulykker og så videre, i hvilke en person helt har mistet hjerteaktivitet eller hjernebølgerne... Og hvis de er genoplivet, hvad kan de fortælle os om den mellemliggende periode, hvor de var såkaldt klinisk døde og så alligevel, i mange tilfælde, har disse bemærkelsesværdige oplevelser i denne mellemperiode? Så det kaldes en nærdødsoplevelse i og med at den ikke var permanent.
Men i hvert fald i den tidsperiode, vi er interesseret i, var de klinisk døde i den fortand, at deres fysiske krop var død i medicinsk forstand. Men det betød ikke, at de holdte op med at eksistere. Så jeg tænker, at nogle at de mest interessante empiriske data, der er akkumuleret igennem de sidste 30 til 40 år om dette sind-krop spørgsmål, er kommet gennem disse såkaldte nærdødsoplevelser, som giver, hvad jeg tænker, er bemærkelsesværdig evidens for, hvad der sker efter vi dør - og fortalt til us af mennesker, som rent faktisk døde og så efterfølgende blev genoplivet - og kom tilbage med disse forbavsende historier.
Førhen kunne nærdødsoplevelser, herunder indsigt opnået under klinisk død, afvises som ønsketænkning og frygtbaseret tænkning. Men i dag tages evidensen for nærdødsoplevelser, hvor det så end leder hen, alvorligt. I hvert fald har ingen haft held til at bortforklare dem. Sidste efterår indrømmede en psykolog netop det i en større psykologisk publikation:
Kommentar: Delvist oversat af Sott.net fra Medical scientists take Near Death Experiences seriously now
"NDEs have never been satisfactorily explained in neurobiological terms. Various theories have been suggested, such as hallucinations caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain, undetected brain activity during the period when the brain appears not to be functioning, the release of endorphins, a psychological 'depersonalisation' in response to intense stress, and so on. All of these theories have been found to be problematic."03:36 | Near-death experiences and the mind/body problem
Steve Taylor, "Near-Death Experiences And DMT" At Psychology Today (October 12, 2018)
Robert J. Marks: You mentioned briefly the impact of near-death experiences in terms of the debate on the mind-body problem. Could you elaborate a little bit on that? What is the mind-body problem and the difference between dualism [the mind inhabits the brain] and monism [the mind is merely what the brain does] and what near-death experiences tell us about that?
Walter Bradley: I think one of the challenges until recently, in the last thirty or forty years, it was a question that was only answered in a philosophical way because there was no way to go and find out what happens to people when they die because when they died, we didn't ever have any communication with them subsequently. So there was no way to get what I would consider to be first-hand information.
But because of advancing medical technology today, it's become much more common for people to experience a physical death (no heartbeat, no brainwaves) and then be shocked or whatever and resuscitated and come back to consciousness. And what's been interesting and in many ways remarkable is that these people come back with amazing stories. And it's very clear that they're not making this up. We know during the time period that they were clinically dead what was going on in the operating room. But these people can tell you because their spirit hovers over, in any cases, the activities going on in the emergency room, they can see what the doctors are doing, they can see themselves on the operating table.
05:20 | A blind woman sees
Maybe the most interesting story that I've read about is the young lady who was born blind. She's 21 years old she's never ever had vision. She's in a car accident she's not the driver; she is a passenger. She is rushed to the emergency room and she finds herself in the emergency room hovering over this group of doctors and nurses frantically working on this young lady, obviously somebody who was dead and they were trying to shock her and do other things to bring her back to life. She didn't immediately recognize that that young lady was her.
Robert J. Marks: Now, just to emphasize, she has been blind since birth, has never seen anything.
Walter Bradley: She has never seen anything and in particular, she has never seen herself. So she doesn't immediately ... she's conscious, she sees what's going on, she says, "I felt more alive than I've ever felt and she said, I see this young girl they're working on, this 21-year-old lady, frantically trying to bring her back to life and it took her a few minutes to figure out, "That's me"...
And when she was resuscitated successfully, she talked to the doctors and she was able to share with them and they were very skeptical about her story but she reminded them, "I'm a blind person and I can tell you everything that went on in the operating room. Dr. So-and-So was using bad language, Dr. Other So-and-So didn't have his covers on his shoes." She could report all of these remarkable things. Even if she had only been unconscious, she still couldn't have reported all the things she saw, because she's blind. There are many, many stories like this.
Here is a partial recounting of Vicki Umipeg's experience (2010):
07:50 | Common threads in accounts of near-death experiences
Robert J. Marks: I think it's important to talk about the general consensus, the common denominator of people who have experienced near-death experiences and what we see from case to case about these near-death experiences and their witnessing about it afterwards:
Walter Bradley: Yes, I think it's important to try to find out what are the common threads and what are things that may be unique to each person's own experience. And it turns out that there are at least 3500 carefully documented cases... and these people can give you a very detailed account of what went on in the operating room.
08:48 | An indescribable experience
Robert J. Marks: One of the common things I've read about was that the experience was indescribable, that they have no language, they have no experience that they can draw upon, which allowed them to relate what happened during the near-death experience.
Walter Bradley: Let me divide their experience into two parts: I think what happens in the operating room is very, very crucial because you can validate it. If this person can tell you everything that went on, something they couldn't know in a worldview where they had only a physical body, there's no way. On the other hand, if we have a body that is a dwelling-place for our soul or spirit, they can separate at the time of death, they could tell you everything that went on in the operating room. So I say that what went on in the operating room is crucial for validating that data at all.
At the same time, many of these people — not always but most often — they report, during that period of time, it may be ten, fifteen minutes where they're clinically dead, their spirit can not only observe what goes on in the operating room, it can take a journey. It goes out of the hospital, it can go through the walls; it's a spirit; it's not a physical body. It can go down a tunnel where there is a light at the end of the tunnel and it's basically that they are getting what I would call a visit to the front porch of heaven. And they are having this opportunity to see things that are almost indescribable because we don't have words to describe things that don't exist here. Many, many people come back having had this experience not only of what happened in the hospital emergency room but also what happened when they took this journey.
In a nutshell, today NDEs are seen as real, however one wants to account for them. For example, even "arch-skeptic" Susan Blackmore has disparaged "the false and unhelpful black and white comparison between NDEs as "true, wonderful, spiritual etc. etc." [versus] NDEs as "JUST a hallucination of no importance." The truth, it seems to me, is that NDEs can be wonderful, life-changing experiences that shed light on the human condition and on questions of life and death." (The Atlantic, 2015). Similarly, Michael Shermer, who believes that the experiences are mere hallucinations of a dying brain, said in a 2018 book that "A scientific understanding of NDEs... is not meant to take away from the power of the experience as seemingly real, as emotionally salient, or as transforming and life-changing."Note: The two best-established outcomes of near-death experiences are
● a greater focus on relationships and spirituality ("In this study, we examined spiritual well-being, using Paloutzian and Ellison's Spiritual Well-Being Scale, among 224 persons who had come close to death. Participants who reported having near-death experiences reported greater spiritual well-being than those who did not, and depth of spiritual well-being was positively correlated with depth of near-death experience." - Surbhi Khanna and Bruce Greyson, Journal of Religion and Health, 2014)
● a reduced fear of death. ("Perhaps the most common after-effect of an NDE is the loss of the fear of death and a strengthened belief in the afterlife." (Psychology Today, March 12, 2015)")
Similarities of experience and significant changes in outlook do not establish the cause of near-death experiences. But, whereas at one time many discussions focused on efforts to explain NDEs away, today they turn on how and why they happen.
There are no simple answers to that question just now. For one thing, human consciousness itself is among the least well-understood areas in research. Scientifically acceptable opinion ranges from the position that the universe itself is conscious (panpsychism) right through to "consciousness is an illusion." Some even argue that consciousness is a material thing.
Traditional views, like interactive dualism (the mind inhabits the brain but is not simply a product of it), are making a cautious comeback, partly because other views seem so unpromising but also because much evidence seems to support the traditional views.
Further reading:
An earlier podcast with Walter Bradley addressed mind vs. matter generally: Your body is a piano your mind plays — well or badly: The piano expresses the pianist's thoughts, not its own. Dr. Bradley also spoke about how near-death experiences are creating a challenge for skeptics of the reality of the mind.
and
Why some scientists believe the universe is conscious.
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